How Nationalism Ruined The Middle East
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The 19th and 20th centuries were a time of seismic change in the Middle East. Outdated state institutions, which had derived their legitimacy from the monarch and the Ulema, began to decay until collapse. The ever-expanding deficit in efficiency and innovation between European and Middle Eastern states became evident when the new colonial powers began poaching for historic ports and trade routes. By the early 20th century, an Ottoman or Persian citizen would have seen a state that governed poorly, or a state that no longer governed at all; whilst foreign troops occupied the edges of those empires before encroaching on the centre. This disillusionment with ancient indigenous institutions caused the intelligentsia of the day to look westward: “If Europe dominates the world and dominates our countries, they must be doing something we’re not!” As imperial collapse transitioned into European colonialism, an indigenous answer to their efficiency and ethos that had created this dynamic was re
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